Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc
Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc is the permittee on 2,801 permits in NYC Department of Buildings Permit Issuance records, issued between 1990 and Sep 30, 2024, 89% of them in Manhattan. Since 2021 it has been issued 302 DOB NOW permits carrying $147.6M in applicant-filed job costs, most often for general construction work. As of Sep 15, 2026 it holds 64 DOB NOW permits in force at 19 buildings.
Compiled from 11 public recordsChecked Sep 15, 2026Sources & method
Filed with DOB under 75 spellings
Merged into one profile after normalizing punctuation, legal suffixes, common abbreviations and DOB's fixed-width name truncation. Spellings that could be a different business are never merged.
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO LLC · 1,390
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO INC · 399
- CAULDWELL WINGATE · 300
- CAULDWELL WINGATE LLC · 77
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO · 75
- CAULDWELL-WINGATE LLC · 55
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO.,INC. · 43
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO. INC. · 39
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO., INC. · 34
- CAULDWELL WINGATE COMPANY LLC · 31
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO. INC · 25
- CAULDWELL WINGATE CO INC. · 21
- Active Permitsi
- 64
- Permits On File
- 2,801
- Boroughs Active
- Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx
- First Activity
- 1990-04-30
- Last Activity
- 2024-09-30
- Phone on Filei
- (212) 983-7150
- NYC Contract Awards Won
- $6.0M
- Stop Work Ordersi
- 1
at 19 job sites
1 matched award →
0.0% of 2,801 permits →
Activity Since 2021
302 approved DOB NOW permits since 2021, carrying $147.6M in applicant-filed job costs.
2026 is year to date (the lighter bar), so it isn't a full year's total.
View by year as a table
| Year | Permits | Filed cost |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 37 | $5.0M |
| 2022 | 52 | $14.0M |
| 2023 | 36 | $12.6M |
| 2024 | 48 | $14.7M |
| 2025 | 84 | $62.1M |
| 2026 (to date) | 45 | $39.2M |
- General Construction122
- Mechanical Systems84
- Structural45
- Foundation19
- Construction Fence13
- Earth Work8
- Support of Excavation7
- Protection and Mechanical Methods4
permits since 2021
- Manhattan206
- Queens40
- Bronx36
- Brooklyn20
permits since 2021
Most frequent owners of record
- 1Dasny56 permits
- 2277 Park Avenue, Llc54 permits
- 383 Owners Llc18 permits
- 4122 East 42nd St., Llc.17 permits
- 5Bldg Management Co.12 permits
- 6Amsterdam 88 Llc11 permits
- 7New York Presbyterian11 permits
- 8Werber Management11 permits
Counted from DOB NOW: Build – Approved Permits, grouped by the City's own servers, so these are totals rather than a sample. Rows are matched to Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc by business name after normalizing punctuation, legal suffixes, abbreviations and DOB's fixed-width truncation — never by a looser prefix, which would pull in different firms with similar names. Job costs are the applicant's filed estimate, not a contract value, and some permits carry none. A permit is one approval, not one project: a single building can need dozens. Owners are the owner of record on the permit, often a single-purpose entity rather than the developer brand.
Active Job Sites
64 DOB NOW permits in force at 19 buildings as of Sep 15, 2026, carrying $75.1M in applicant-filed job costs. Issued and not yet expired — a permit lapses at its expiry date unless renewed.
- 161 West 180 Street24 permits
University Heights (South)-Morris Heights, Bronx · $17.3M filed · in force to Oct 1, 2026
General ConstructionStructuralFoundationMechanical Systems
- 1500 Broadway8 permits
Midtown-Times Square, Manhattan · $2.9M filed · in force to Oct 1, 2026
General ConstructionMechanical SystemsStructural
- 277 Park Avenue5 permits
East Midtown-Turtle Bay, Manhattan · $1.5M filed · in force to Oct 1, 2026
General ConstructionMechanical Systems
- 31-08 Steinway Street4 permits
Astoria (East)-Woodside (North), Queens · $4.0M filed · in force to Oct 1, 2026
StructuralGeneral ConstructionMechanical Systems
- 30-19 Crescent Street3 permits
Astoria (Central), Queens · $18.2M filed · in force to Oct 1, 2026
General ConstructionMechanical SystemsStructural
- 200 West 88 Street3 permits
Upper West Side (Central), Manhattan · in force to Oct 1, 2026
General ConstructionMechanical SystemsStructural
- 122 East 42 Street3 permits
Murray Hill-Kips Bay, Manhattan · $1.2M filed · in force to Sep 30, 2026
General ConstructionMechanical Systems
- 5 East 98 Street2 permits
East Harlem (South), Manhattan · $155K filed · in force to Oct 1, 2026
General ConstructionMechanical Systems
Recent Jobs
Approved DOB NOW permits, most recent first.
- 31-08 Steinway Street$1.2M
Sep 8, 2026 · Structural · Queens · Owner: Bldg Management Co. · in force to Oct 1, 2026
- 5 East 98 Street$150K
Aug 31, 2026 · General Construction · Manhattan · Owner: Pr · in force to Oct 1, 2026
- 5 East 98 Street$5K
Aug 31, 2026 · Mechanical Systems · Manhattan · Owner: Pr · in force to Oct 1, 2026
- 161 West 180 Street$2.8M
Aug 20, 2026 · General Construction · Bronx · Owner: Dasny · in force to Oct 1, 2026
- 277 Park Avenue$317K
Aug 12, 2026 · General Construction · Manhattan · Owner: 277 Park Avenue, Llc · in force to Oct 1, 2026
- 30-19 Crescent Street$4.0M
Aug 11, 2026 · Mechanical Systems · Queens · Owner: Mount Sinai Queens · in force to Oct 1, 2026
- 277 Park Avenue$66K
Aug 11, 2026 · Mechanical Systems · Manhattan · Owner: 277 Park Avenue, Llc · in force to Oct 1, 2026
- 615 Schnectady Avenue$120K
Aug 4, 2026 · Mechanical Systems · Brooklyn · Owner: Brookdale Hospital Medical Center · in force to Oct 1, 2026
Leadership
Robert Palumbo
President and Chief Executive Officer
Source: Company's own official site. · Verified 2026-08-14
Business Registration
- Registered Name
- Cauldwell Wingate Electra (cwe), Llc
- Entity Type
- Foreign Limited Liability Company
- Jurisdiction
- Delaware
- Initial NY Filing
- 2025-07-30
- Registered Agent Address
- 380 Lexington Avenue, 26th Floor, New York, NY, 10168
Live from the NYS Department of State's own Corporation & Business Entity filing record — a real government registration, not a marketing data broker. Source: data.ny.gov
Locations
New York office: 380 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10168 — Source: Company's own official contact page. Filing addresses below, from DOB permit records.
Industry Recognition
BTEA Project Safety Award — Mount Sinai Hospital Clark 9 Behavioral Unit
Building Trades Employers' Association · 2024
Source: BTEA's own announcement. The company's own site lists a longer history of BTEA Safety Awards (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021). · Verified 2026-08-14
Licensed Professionals of Record(2)
The individual license holders DOB has on file as pulling permits under this business name — a second, permit-level real "key employee" data point NYC's public records provide, alongside Leadership above.
- Cauldwell WingateGC · License #0003057
- Cauldwell WingateGC · License #0026044
Current Permits
Unexpired permits in DOB's older Permit Issuance records, which most new work no longer goes through. Current DOB NOW permits are under Active Job Sites above.
No unexpired permits in the older Permit Issuance records.
Recent Permit History(10)
- 1 Park Row, ManhattanSep 30, 2024
AL permit · Issued · — · Est. —
- 135 East 47 Street, ManhattanSep 5, 2024
NB permit · Issued · — · Est. —
- 25-34 Jackson Avenue, QueensJun 27, 2024
NB permit · Issued · 1 story · Est. —
- 27-05 Thomson Avenue, QueensMar 14, 2024
NB permit · Issued · — · Est. —
- 109 East 79th Street, ManhattanOct 27, 2023
NB permit · Issued · — · Est. —
- 430 Albee Square, BrooklynNov 9, 2022
EW permit · Issued · — · Est. —
- 155 West 29th Street, ManhattanNov 2, 2022
NB permit · Issued · 17 stories · Est. —
- 541 West 21 Street, ManhattanOct 3, 2022
AL permit · Issued · — · Est. —
- 50 Trinity Place, ManhattanSep 30, 2022
EQ permit · Issued · 29 stories · Est. —
- 277 Park Ave, ManhattanSep 30, 2022
EW permit · Issued · 52 stories · Est. $18.9M
Developers & Owners Worked With(8)
From DOB's own owner-of-record field on each notable job's filing, above — ranked by how many of Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc's own projects that owner appears on. A real, sourced client relationship, not an inferred one.
- 25-34 Jackson Ave Property Owner2 projects
- 1 Park Row Development Llc1 project
- Lex 47th Development Owner Llc1 project
- 79th Owner, Llc1 project
- Div West 29th Street, Llc1 project
- Erbo Properties1 project
- Trinity Nyc Hotel, Llc1 project
- 277 Park Ave Llc1 project
Other Contractors on the Same Projects(10)
Other real companies that pulled a permit on one of Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc's own DOB job numbers, above — a genuine, sourced co-occurrence (same job application on file at DOB), not a confirmed formal GC/subcontractor relationship, which NYC's public permit data doesn't record at all.
- Neptune Mechanical Inc1 shared job
PL permit(s)
- Anthony T. Rinaldi Llc1 shared job
EQ, FO, NB permit(s)
- Headquarters Mech Inc1 shared job
PL permit(s)
- A & C Plbg & Htg Co., Inc1 shared job
PL permit(s)
- Emerald Mechl Solutions I1 shared job
PL permit(s)
- Ariel Services Inc1 shared job
PL permit(s)
- Standard Plumbing Svc Llc1 shared job
PL permit(s)
- Par Plumbing Co., Inc1 shared job
PL permit(s)
- Mjm Associates Constr Llc1 shared job
AL, FO permit(s)
- Tetris Construction Llc1 shared job
AL, FO permit(s)
NYC Contract Awards Won
Cross-referenced against the city's own "Recent Contract Awards" dataset by vendor name — a DOB permit-pulling contractor and a procurement-awarded vendor are two different city record systems, joined here by an exact match after normalizing punctuation, legal suffixes, and common abbreviations. A real business can legitimately win contracts under a slightly different legal name than the one on its DOB permits, so an empty result here doesn't mean Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc has never won a city contract — only that no exact name match was found.
1 matched award totaling $6.0M in city contract value on file.
- BBJ-XFAC, Design-Build for the NYC Borough Based Jails Program, Bronx Facility StipendOct 18, 2023
Design and Construction · $6.0M · Innovative Procurement
Public Safety & Compliance Records(62)
These are citywide building-equipment compliance filings (including elevator and boiler safety compliance), ECB violations, and DOB complaints recorded at the same addresses as this company's projects above — not violations or complaints attributed to or caused by Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc. NYC's public data does not link any of these records to specific contractors (ECB violations in particular are almost always filed against the property owner), so no company safety score is shown or implied.
- DOB Complaint59 · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2026-09-04
- DOB Complaint59 · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2026-08-04
- DOB Complaint59 · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2026-07-28
- Boiler ComplianceInitial · DOB NOW: Safety Boiler filing — no defects noted on inspection.Accepted · 2026-05-29
- Boiler ComplianceInitial · DOB NOW: Safety Boiler filing — no defects noted on inspection.Accepted · 2026-05-29
- Boiler ComplianceInitial · DOB NOW: Safety Boiler filing — no defects noted on inspection.Accepted · 2026-05-29
- DOB Complaint1X · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2026-05-14
- DOB Complaint59 · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2026-03-31
- DOB SafetyGas Piping - LL152 · FTF-PL-PERActive · 2026-01-08
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2025-10-18
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Removed · 2025-10-11
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTC-VT-CAT1-CODismissed · 2025-10-10
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTC-VT-PER-CODismissed · 2025-10-10
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Removed · 2025-10-03
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTF-VT-PER-CODismissed · 2025-08-29
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTF-VT-CAT1-CODismissed · 2025-08-29
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTF-VT-CAT1-NJDismissed · 2025-08-29
- Boiler ComplianceInitial · DOB NOW: Safety Boiler filing — no defects noted on inspection.Accepted · 2025-06-16
- Boiler ComplianceInitial · DOB NOW: Safety Boiler filing — no defects noted on inspection.Accepted · 2025-06-16
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 2 · 28-302.4 FAILURE TO SUBMIT A REQUIRED REPORT OF CRITICAL EXAMINATION DOCUMENTINDismissed · 2025-04-08
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2025-03-29
- DOB Complaint04 · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2025-03-07
- Elevator CompliancePersonnel Hoist · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Personnel Hoist at this address.Removed · 2025-02-12
- Elevator CompliancePersonnel Hoist · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Personnel Hoist at this address.Removed · 2025-02-12
- Elevator CompliancePersonnel Hoist · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Personnel Hoist at this address.Removed · 2024-12-06
- Elevator CompliancePersonnel Hoist · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Personnel Hoist at this address.Removed · 2024-12-06
- DOB SafetyParking Structures · FTF-PS-INITLActive · 2024-11-25
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 2 · BC3307.1.1/BC3307.4.6 POSTING OF UNLAWFUL SIGNS/INFO/PICTURES/ADS ON PROTECTIVE STRUCTURESIn Violation · 2024-10-17
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 2 · 28-301.1 FAILURE TO MAINTAIN BLDG IN CODE-COMPLIANT MANNERDefault · 2024-08-30
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2024-08-07
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2024-07-23
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2024-06-26
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Removed · 2024-06-25
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Removed · 2024-06-25
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2024-04-16
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2024-03-13
- DOB SafetyFacades · FISPNRFDismissed · 2024-02-22
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2024-02-17
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2023-12-20
- DOB Complaint7F · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2023-12-17
- DOB Complaint7F · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2023-12-17
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 2 · BC 3307.6,27-1021 SIDEWALK SHED DOES NOT MEET CODE SPECIFICATIONSIn Violation · 2023-08-26
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTF-VT-CAT1-CODismissed · 2023-08-11
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTF-VT-CAT1-CODismissed · 2023-08-11
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTF-VT-CAT1-CODismissed · 2023-08-11
- DOB SafetyElevators · FTF-VT-CAT1-CODismissed · 2023-08-11
- Elevator CompliancePersonnel Hoist · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Personnel Hoist at this address.Removed · 2023-07-12
- Elevator CompliancePersonnel Hoist · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Personnel Hoist at this address.Removed · 2023-07-12
- Elevator ComplianceElevator · DOB NOW: Elevator Safety Compliance filing status for device Elevator at this address.Active · 2023-05-18
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 2 · BC 3303.4,27-1018 FAIL TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE HSEKEEPING PER SECTIONS REQUIREMENTSCured/in-vio · 2023-05-15
- DOB Complaint09 · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2023-05-01
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · 28-105.12.2 WORK DOES NOT CONFORM TO APPROVED CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND/OR APPROVIn Violation · 2023-04-28
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · 27-/28-/BC-MISC MISCELLANEOUS VIOLATIONSIn Violation · 2023-04-28
- DOB Complaint91 · DOB-assigned complaint category code, not independently decoded.Closed · 2023-02-17
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · 28-103.21.1 FAILURE TO INCLUDE THE INFORMATION REQUIRED BY 28-103.21 WHEN NOTIFYINDismissed · 2023-01-27
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · 27-/28-/BC-MISC MISCELLANEOUS VIOLATIONSAdmit/in-vio · 2023-01-13
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · 27-/28-/BC-MISC MISCELLANEOUS VIOLATIONSAdmit/in-vio · 2022-11-29
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · 27-/28-/BC-MISC MISCELLANEOUS VIOLATIONSDismissed · 2022-11-29
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · BC 3301.1.3 (2014 CODE) FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATIONSDismissed · 2022-11-28
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 2 · 28-105.12.2 WRK DOESN'T CONFORM TO APPROV DOCS AND/OR APPROV AMENDMENTSCured/in-vio · 2022-09-26
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 2 · BC 3301.2,27-1009(A) FAIL TO SAFEGUARD PERS/PROPERTY AFFECTED BY CONSTRUCTION OPDismissed · 2022-06-11
- ECB ViolationCLASS - 1 · 28-105.12.2 WORK DOES NOT CONFORM TO APPROVED CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND/OR APPROVIn Violation · 2022-06-09
Stop Work Orders(1)
DOB Stop Work Orders issued at this company's project addresses. A minority reference a job number in their text — when that job number matches one of Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc's own permits, it's marked directly linked below. The rest are address-level only (same building, different or unspecified job) and are shown as context, not attributed to this company.
- Address Context1 PARK ROW2020-05-26
WORKING WITHOUT PERMIT FOR ALTERATION 1 CONTRUTION
Layoff & Closure Notices (WARN)(0)
Matched by business name against NYS DOL's official WARN Dashboard (layoffs/closures affecting 50+ employees). This is an approximate name match, not verified — WARN notices are filed under whatever legal entity operated the site, which can be a parent company, subsidiary, or DBA different from the name on a DOB permit. Confirm at the source link below before treating a match as confirmed. As of 2026-08-04, no NYC-area construction company appeared on the current WARN list — an empty result here is the norm, not a bug.
No matching WARN notices on file for this business name.
Companies Ranked Near Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc
Citywide, by permits on file with NYC DOB. This measures volume, not quality. Ranking counts cover each firm's main spellings, so they can sit below the all-spellings total quoted above.
- #215A Russo Wrecking Inc1,395
- #216Attack Plumbing Inc1,391
- #217J-j Plumbing Corp1,390
- #218Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc1,390
- #219Lend Lease (us) Construct1,390
- #220Smvp Mgmt Inc1,389
- #221Tishman Interiors Corp1,387
About Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc: Common Questions
- How many NYC building permits does Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc have?
- Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc is the permittee on 2,801 permits in NYC Department of Buildings Permit Issuance records, issued between 1990 and Sep 30, 2024, 89% of them in Manhattan. Since 2021 it has been issued 302 DOB NOW permits carrying $147.6M in applicant-filed job costs, most often for general construction work. As of Sep 15, 2026 it holds 64 DOB NOW permits in force at 19 buildings.
- Which boroughs does Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc work in?
- By permits on file with the NYC Department of Buildings: Manhattan (2,486), Brooklyn (213), Queens (98) and Bronx (4).
- What kind of construction work does Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc do?
- Of its 302 DOB NOW permits since 2021, the most common work types are General Construction (122), Mechanical Systems (84) and Structural (45).
- Who has Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc worked for recently?
- The owners of record most often named on its DOB NOW permits since 2021 are Dasny (56 permits), 277 Park Avenue, Llc (54 permits) and 83 Owners Llc (18 permits). An owner of record is often a single-purpose entity rather than the developer brand.
- Who leads Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc?
- Robert Palumbo, President and Chief Executive Officer, per Company's own official site. (verified 2026-08-14).
- Where is Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc based?
- Its New York office is at 380 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10168, per Company's own official contact page..
Official Record Lookups
For company ownership, executives, or safety-inspection history beyond what DOB publishes, search the primary government sources directly:
- NY Dept. of State — Corporation & Business Entity Search
Official state registration record — registered agent, entity status, and filing history.
- OSHA Establishment Search
Federal workplace-safety inspection and citation history, searchable by company name.
- NYS DOL WARN Dashboard
Official statewide layoff/closure notice filings (WARN Act), searchable by employer.
- Better Business Bureau — Search This Company
BBB accreditation status, customer rating, and complaint history, pre-searched by this company's name near New York, NY.
Sources & Method
Every figure on this profile comes from the records below, read live on Sep 15, 2026. DOB spellings of a business name are merged only after normalizing punctuation, legal suffixes, common abbreviations and DOB's fixed-width truncation; spellings that could belong to a different business stay separate. Constructel publishes no quality ratings or composite scores for companies — the rank shown is permit volume and nothing else. Every dataset this site uses →
- [1]DOB Permit Issuance — NYC Department of Buildings
- [2]DOB NOW: Build – Approved Permits — NYC Department of Buildings
- [3]Active Corporations: Beginning 1800 — New York State Department of State
- [4]Company's own official site. — Verified 2026-08-14
- [5]Company's own official contact page. — Company website
- [6]Recent Contract Awards — NYC Mayor's Office of Contract Services
- [7]DOB Safety Violations — NYC Department of Buildings
- [8]DOB ECB Violations — NYC Department of Buildings / Environmental Control Board
- [9]DOB Complaints Received — NYC Department of Buildings
- [10]Stop Work Orders in NYC — NYC Department of Buildings
- [11]WARN Dashboard — NYS Department of Labor
Cite this profile
Constructel NYC. "Cauldwell Wingate Co Llc — NYC Permits, Projects & Licenses." Data retrieved September 15, 2026. https://constructelnyc.com/companies/cauldwell-wingate-co-llc